From troll to fascist, English
From troll to fascist, English
How 4chan and co. paved the way for the new digital fascism with irony and memes; from the Freikorps to the Proud Boys.
This article is a guest article by Máirtín Ó Ceallaigh.
Reminder: Die rot-markierten Wörter sind Links, die zu entsprechenden Kritikpunkt-Artikeln führen.
Dieser Artikel ist Teil mehrerer Analysen zum Faschismus, wie er funktioniert und Missverstanden wird, wir empfehlen die folgenden:
„Der Widerspruch des Ausländers“ – Über das Widersprüchliche Verhältnis das Musk und Co. zum Ausländer einnehmen.
„Ist das jetzt Faschismus?“ – Über die Inhaltslosigkeit der „Brandmauer“ und den Einheitsbrei der bürgerlichen Parteien.
„Über den Rechtsradikalismus“ – Über die Logik des Faschismus und warum AfD-Wähler:innen nicht dumm, sondern nachvollziehbar sind.
„Verkehrter Antifaschismus“ – Über die Nutzlosigkeit eines AfD-Verbots.
„Abschiebungen und Flüchtlinge“ – Über den Grundsätzlichen Widerspruch hinter dem Abschieben.
Since 2016 we have seen a worrying rise in Fascism throughout Europe and the USA.
A once reviled and niche ideology has now become the position of the world’s most powerful and influential leaders.
The question is how did this cancer spread to the point where a tech-billionaire is making a Nazi Salute in the White House?
Ridiculous as it seems internet memes have had a big part to play in how we got here.
Willkommen in unserem Weimar (Part 1):
Hegel remarks somewhere that all great world historic facts and personages appear, so to speak twice. He forgot to add: the first time as tragedy, the second time as farce. (Marx, 1852)
Let’s go back to 2016.
Donald Trump has won the U.S. election, the UK has left the E.U. after a prolonged campaign of vitriolic racism aimed at migrants and throughout Europe the Far-right are gaining ground.
The world looked on in shock and awe.
Up to that point these people were consider fringe lunatics, insular dogmatic ideologues unable to move on from the ramblings of one of history’s most universally hated demagogues.
Yet here they were elected to the most powerful positions in western politics and met with rapturous applause from the masses.
To those aware of history, the events of 2016 came as no surprise.
The 2008 financial crash had sent unemployment skyward, the cost of living even higher and austerity had beaten an already broken working class into the gutter. This was caused by irresponsible lending by banks around the world.
Essentially they would approve mortgages, business loans and other high risk loans to more or less anyone, regardless of their ability to pay.
This was enabled by financial investors looking for greater returns on investments; the thought behind this was that they could make more money off of the interest home owners would pay on their mortgage.
A home owner at this time could find that their mortgage was sold to various different 3rd parties such as other banks or private equity firms, the thinking was that even if the borrower defaulted on their debts they could sell the house for even more money.
This essentially created a feedback loop where in the investors wanted to buy more mortgage debt to get better returns causing lenders to give out more mortgages to borrowers regardless of their likelihood to default on their debts, thus creating more demand for investors to buy more mortgage debt.
Eventually this bubble would burst spectacularly and catastrophically causing arguably the worst recession since the 20th century.
Now that banks were in financial hot water and the world economies on the verge of collapse, the main focus of the time became “how do we prevent the collapse of global capital?” the neoliberal solution was to bail out the banks with tax-payer money and impose austerity measures on the working class.
For example, in the UK the conservative/Lib-Dem coalition’s plan was to implement the bank rescue package, which to summarise meant paying off failing banks defaulted debts using state money which was of course gained through taxation.
However, because the government had spent so much of their money, they had to introduce austerity measures, this meant reducing any public spending that they could, in order to compensate for the billions spent on bailing out private banks.
In practice the result was that the price of basic necessities had become unaffordable and there was no hope of buying a house, forcing people to instead pay extortionate money to landlords in order to live; social services were now non-existent and the public sector alongside private companies had mass layoffs.
Now, we had a population of unemployed and desperate workers with no social safety nets left to support them, neoliberalism had accomplished its goal of bleeding the economy dry to line the pockets of the wealthiest and passing the burden on to the working class setting up the perfect material conditions for Fascism to thrive.
Eventually, the people had become sick of the broken promises made by liberal politicians and whether the bourgeois elite wanted it or not, change was coming.
In times of such crisis people either turn to socialism or barbarism – there were some attempts at more socialist oriented solutions such as Occupy Wall Street or Jeremy Corbyn’s election campaign.
Unfortunately, due to decades of anti-socialist-propaganda and conservative efforts to stamp out grassroots movements before they could even begin, we found ourselves back in Weimar, and this time they didn’t even have to come for the Communists.
After decades of anti-communist-propaganda, for the majority of the population, socialism was never even an option, paving the way for the beginnings of barbarism to take hold.
Outside of economic disparity, the 2010’s also saw the internet becoming a much bigger part of our daily lives.
Platforms such as YouTube, Reddit, Facebook, Twitter and Instagram allowed people to share and consume content at a rate unheard of in any decade prior.
With this, came the widespread use of the internet meme, a term coined by Richard Dawkins in his book “The Selfish Gene”:
Dawkins’ conceives of the meme as being a sort of cultural analogue to a gene, however instead of transmitting genetic information, it is some form of idea, joke or trend that self-replicates itself throughout society (Dawkins, 1976).
In this era memes primarily referred to captioned pictures, jokes, social media screenshots, gifs and videos that were generally humours in nature to be reposted and shared amongst friends and internet followers.
A meme that had widespread reach around the internet was described as “viral”, examples include a picture of a cat captioned “I can haz cheezeburger?” and “NumaNuma”, a video of a man lip-syncing to „Dragostea Din Tei“ by O-Zone.
So what has this got to do with Fascism? How could seemingly harmless collective jokes serve as one of the most sophisticated propaganda efforts of the 21st Century?
The answer stars with a now infamous anonymous message board called “4Chan”.
Noted for its user’s highly reactionary user base and for a uniquely twisted sense of humour.
4chan will become the beating heart of the Far-Rights propaganda machine, their weapon of choice: The beloved internet character “Pepe the frog.”
/Pol/: The New Freikorps (Part 2):
The Freikorps were a group of disaffected soldiers that existed in the Weimar republic up until the Nazi’s officially took power in 1933.
These groups of soldiers felt as if Germany had been humiliated by their defeat in WW1 and the treaty of Versailles and held intensely nationalist, misogynistic, anti-Semitic and racist views.
They were soldiers without an army to fight for, and in the aftermath of WW1 they would often engage in street fights, harassment and intimation of any group they blamed for Germany’s defeat; they especially enjoyed targeting communists, socialists, social democrats, jewish people and anyone they suspected of being LGBTQ+.
At the beginning of the Weimar republic they did not have much popular support amongst the general public and were viewed more as a fringe, if somewhat violent nuisance.
However, following the inadequacy of the social-democratic government to address the issues of hyperinflation and the subsequent deterioration of socio-economic conditions that followed, the Freikorps slowly but surely began to garner more support from the general public.
In the 1920’s the Freikorps saw themselves becoming more and more integrated into the Nazi party, becoming its paramilitary wing dubbed the SA or Brown shirts. They played a significant role in the Nazis pursuit and consolidation of power, by being the Nazi leaderships „boots on the ground„, they insured that any resistance to their movement (Peaceful or otherwise) was nipped at the bud.
They would break up political rallies, intimidate voters, harass anyone the Nazi party deemed unfavourable to Germany and the Nazis Vision and violently assault anyone at anti-Nazi protests, which were predominantly organized by communists and the sympathetic to them.
Of course all of this was funded by Germany’s industrial capitalists and indeed other industrial capitalists internationally; Henry Ford, founder of Ford Motor Vehicles being a notable example.
These highly successful industrialists support this brutality largely because it served their class interests.
Despite the narrative being perpetrated by Conservative media, the Nazi’s were largely in favour of privatisation and deregulation as long as the capitalists in charge were ideologically aligned with the Nazis pseudoscientific racialism.
By funding the Nazi party and by extension the Freikorps/SA they were consolidating their grip over the working class and crushing any resistance to their expansion in the name of profit, primarily beeing the drastic rise of communist sympathies among the german population.
Ultimately, this synergy of the boot and the stock market resulted in the Kristallnacht, a pogrom against the Jewish population of Germany where jackbooted thugs ran rampant through major cities, destroying Jewish owned businesses and homes.
These once fringe, violent extremists had now achieved political legitimacy and those who did not take them seriously at the start were now witnessing the dire consequences of their inaction. (Shirer, 1960)
The years leading up to 2016 saw a similar group of fringe, violent extremists taking shape; however instead of street fights they primarily fought their battles in online comment sections.
Predominantly young men who felt abandoned by the so called “Politically correct” establishment, they sought solace in highly reactionary message boards, the most infamous of which being 4Chan’s /Pol/, where they referred to themselves as “The Alt-Right”.
The Alt-right where a mish-mash group of various reactionaries; some being lone trolls, some being highly organised groups such as „The Proud Boys“ (more on them later).
However, they all had one thing in common and that was that to varying degrees they wished to re-/implement fascism into society.
The predominant ideology which unified them being accelerationism, a term coined by Nick Land (a disgraced anti-Semitic former philosophy professor). Essentially, focussing on accelerating the perceived contradictions of Capitalism (minus the materialist analysis, of course) to cause it to collapse, paving the way for something new, which is usually envisioned as some sort of cyberpunk Fascist dystopia.
/Pol/ provided the perfect incubator for budding fascists to grow their support with the ideological backing of accelerationism giving them a nihilistic legitimacy.
4Chan was unique amongst social media due to its focus on free speech absolutism.
On 4Chan, communities were largely left to moderate their own content resulting in what can only be described as an anarchic free-for-all.
Whilst most people on the internet were sharing memes featuring cats with funny captions, 4Chan users had a much darker sense of humour.
Often one would see memes about the holocaust, school shooters, ISIS and much of humanities darker moments shared to 4chan’s meme messaging board /B/. This atmosphere of one-upmanship gave the Alt-Right the perfect environment of plausible deniability to flourish.
Anyone who called into question their references to fascism was often met by the phrase “U mad Bro?” a popular response of internet trolls at the time.
By utilising this they could signal to other fascists that they had support, whilst denying to the less radical public that they supporting fascism in earnest.
This tactic made it very difficult to weed out actual Nazis, after all this was just all ironic trolling – right?
To be offended by it meant you were an overly sensitive Social Justice Warrior (A term used to describe someone seen to be overly politically correct and naïve at the time).
From here, the Alt-right developed ways to utilise the logic of meme culture to further legitimise their existence on /B/, namely they integrated their shutdown of criticism into viral internet “rules”.
These “rules” started as inside jokes within message boards throughout the internet one such rule being “Rule 34” which stated that “If a piece of media exists someone has created pornography of it”.
The Alt-Right hijacked this trend by spreading “Rules” such as “Godwin’s Law of Nazi Analogies” or “Godwin’s Law“ for short:
This “rule” states that “as an online discussion grows longer, the probability of a comparison involving Nazis or Hitler approaches”.
Make no mistake, whether or not this was a deliberate propaganda technique by the Alt-Right or whether it grew organically through internet meme culture the Alt-Right understood how to capitalise on it.
Though comment sections where often filled with seemingly absurd comparisons to Nazi Germany, the Alt-Right slowly began to filter in actual fascist rhetoric and evoked “Godwins Law” in order to de-legitimise their concerns.
The Alt-Right had figured out how to make Anti-Fascists seem irrational, oversensitive and ill-informed whilst legitimising Fascist viewpoints.
They were playing the long game of propaganda and they were winning.
The Alt-Right had successfully managed to find their footing on 4Chan, however they had problem; how could they spread their message of hate to the mainstream?
On 4Chan Swastika’s, SS-emblems, Fasces and other Fascist symbolism were normalised, but most people would not find these so palatable, so what could they do to reach the average person?
The answer laid in “Pepe the Frog”.
For context Pepe the Frog was never intended to be a hate symbol and its popularity grew organically as harmlessly as the Cat photos with captions mentioned earlier.
One would see people posting up pictures of Pepe with relatable slogans such as “Feels Bad Man” and “trading” them with each other.
Posting a “Rare” Pepe was a whimsical way of saying you had more Meme cred than anyone else.
Of course there was really no way to determine the actual rarity of a drawing of a frog and this was just an expression of the absurd ironic humour of the time.
The Alt-Right created their own Pepe’s featuring the frog dressed as SS Officer or as “The Happy Merchant” an anti-Semitic political cartoon from Nazi Germany. These depictions where just absurd enough for them to not be taken seriously by the general public but they signalled to someone with the inside knowledge that they had allies.
The Alt-Right were worming their way into the mainstream by exploiting the absurd and the ironic.
Of course there were people who rightly pointed this out as hateful content, however the Alt-right were successfully able to hid behind a veil of irony reinforcing the idea that critics where just irrational „SJWs“ (Social Justice Worriers) trying to ruin everyone’s good time.
Eventually Pepe the Frog became the poster-boy of the Alt-Right.
Once established that hateful messages where spread with its use, internet users sympathetic to their views began to use less outwardly hateful representations of Pepe in their profiles to indicate that they were a part of the movement.
As Pepe was popular amongst the mainstream, this made it very difficult to discern who was a Nazi, who was a troll and who was simply an average internet user taking part in their favourite joke.
The absurdity of this discourse was not lost on the Alt-Right and they took this opportunity to further capitalise on their foothold in the mainstream.
Extremists such as Richard Spencer began discussing these issues at length on YouTube, his videos largely consisting of him dismissing the concerns of people worried about the rise in speech online and further rallying support.
Though Richard Spencer was an unashamed fascist, this style of content did not take long to cross over into the mainstream.
Creators such as Ben Shapiro, Milo Yiannopolous and Stephen Crowder began to build a sizeable following by posting similar videos, now given an air of legitimacy by their association with mainstream news outlets such as Fox News.
They also found their legitimacy in academia in the form of Jordan Peterson.
Peterson was a clinical psychiatrist who rose to fame through his outspoken stance against bill C16, a bill proposed in Canada which would offer protection to trans/non-binary people against deliberate mis-gendering.
Somehow, Peterson interpreted this to mean, that we are obviously living in George Orwell’s 1984.
It wasn’t long before Peterson jumped on the Right-wing grifter band wagon as well.
Peterson had a talent for the pseudo intellectual and the pseudoscientific erroneously quoting philosophers and citing studies of dubious credibility, he used his academic credentials to legitimise his hateful views.
Though more refined and carefully worded than the work of his peers, rest assured his views were every bit as bigoted and extreme.
What was considered normal political discourse online was now shifting further and further to the right.
In this era compilations began appearing online titled “feminist cringe” and “SJW gets OWNED”.
Given that it had become normalised to vilify these viewpoints on the internet, these compilations proved highly popular.
The YouTube algorithm had done its job; if someone were to watch one of these compilations, they would be shown similar content which would gradually get more and more extreme in nature.
For example you could start by watching an „SJW Cringe compilation“ only to find a Jordan Peterson video recommend next, form there you would get to Ben Shapiro and Stephen Crowder, eventually you end up with Richard Spencer – you want to engage with other fans so you join a chat room, people discuss their political takes and start recommending books of fascist theory, telling you who to vote for and who to hate and without ever intending to, you have now become a fascist.
This is what is now known as the Alt-Right Pipeline, and you fell down it because of a meme.
The Alt-Right Pipeline was particularly effective on those with an authoritarian personality type.
This a concept created by a research team led by Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer in the 1950’s in attempt to understand the psychology of Fascism and the events that led to the Holocaust during WW2.
The characteristics they determined were as follows:
- Blind allegiance to conventional beliefs about right and wrong.
- Respect for submission to acknowledged authority.
- Belief in aggression toward those who do not subscribe to conventional thinking; or who are different.
- A negative view of people in general – i.e the belief that people would all lie, cheat or steal if given the opportunity.
- A need for string leadership which displays uncompromising power.
- A belief in simple answers and polemics – i.e. the media controls us all or the source of our problems is the loss of morals these days.
- Resistance to creative, dangerous ideas.
- A Black and White worldview.
- A tendency to project one’s own feelings of inadequacy, rage and fear onto a scapegoated group.
- A preoccupation with violence and sex.
Interestingly, in the case of the Alt-Right, a few of these characteristics do not apply; namely the blind “allegiance to conventional beliefs”, as generally speaking the beliefs held by the Alt-Right were largely considered to be highly unconventional at the time.
The Alt-Right were however very successful in gradually normalising these beliefs that to a person caught in the echo-chamber of the Alt-Right Pipeline, these beliefs might seem conventional.
A subtle, yet important distinction when considering the methodology of this form of radicalisation.
One may not meet all of these criteria, however if someone happened to have any sort of semblance of this personality type i.e “A preoccupation with “violence and sex” it would certainly heighten the pipeline’s effectiveness.
It is difficult to get an imperial measure of just how many people were radicalised this way due to YouTube’s opacity surrounding the statistics, however its material effects are painfully evident today.
If this all seems ridiculous, that is because it is and it was always meant to be.
The Absurd is the only realm in which the irrational can become the sensible and it is in this environment that Fascists thrive.
If you still have your doubts consider the following fact:
Pepe the Frog is now recognised as a hate symbol by the Southern Poverty Law centre and human rights advocacy groups around the world.
Unite the Right and other marches to Rome (Part 3):
“The greatest evil perpetrated is the evil committed by nobodies, that is, by human beings who refuse to be persons” (Hannah Arendt, 1963)
Up until 2016, the Alt-Right had primarily remained an online phenomenon and though they had succeeded in legitimising hate speech within mainstream discourse, in order to bring their ideas to the real world, they needed political legitimacy.
Gaining supporters online was one thing but how could they affect policy?
The answer was an opportunist business man with political aspirations, Donald Trump.
Trump being the opportunist that he is, noticed the growing reactionary sentiment online and.knew this was his opportunity to garner support for his presidential campaign.
Whilst the American Republican Party was no stranger to hateful discourse it was always done with a wink and a nod, not a valiant war cry.
Trump gained popularity by parroting these sentiments back to the masses holding rallies where he blamed immigrants, LGBTQ+ people, feminists and (perceived) socialists for all of America’s problems.
Alarm bells began to ring for those who could hear them; this was the rhetoric of a Fascist.
However, to a society beaten to the ground by greed and one that was conditioned to be adverse to socialism, these were the words of a hardworking everyman, come to liberate the people from “The Elites”.
This was the birth of MAGA and a force, that proved to be a powerful one.
The MAGA movement began in a similar way to the NSDAP in that it was a pseudo-proletarian movement.
The name itself is an acronym of Make America Great Again, a simple but effective phrase that sums up the movement’s ideology.
Aimed primarily at disenfranchised, ethnically white blue collar workers and the middle class, it sold the idea that life in America was better before civil rights.
To a lot of these people who had lost their privilege afforded to them by the racist segregation of the early 20th century this was very appealing.
It promised them a return to a time when their socio-economic group had a better standard of living (of course at the expense of racial minorities).
Trump became the darling of those that wished for a white ethno state.
This is what MAGA means – It is the dogwhistle of all dogwhistles for those with the ears to hear it
Trump also employed a type of pseudo-dialectics whereby he constructed two distinct and opposing groups; MAGA and “The Elites” (exactly who the elites are is left purposely vague).
Whilst we Marxists understand that the contradiction is between capital and labour, Trump did not oppose private ownership, instead he wanted more of it.
In order for the working class to take power it is generally agreed by Marxists that a revolution must occur.
This obviously would mean a great and tumultuous shift in the power dynamics of society.
What Trump promised was a much more palatable solution to white America; put your faith in him and he will make things the way they should be, Hobbes Leviathan.
To an alienated white working and middle class this seemed like perfect solution, a better life for them and all they had to do was vote for Trump.
The birth of MAGA also had a significant impact on the Democrat Party as well.
The Democrats had positioned themselves as the “Left-Wing” of the American political system to serve as the opposition the conservative Republican Party.
Make no mistake, as pointed out by Noam Chomsky in “Manufacturing Consent”, the Democrats have always been a bourgeois political party and have always represented the class interests of Capitalists.
They did, however have more surface level progressive policies such as their support for LGBTQ+ rights and racial equality (however only in the sense that these groups should be allowed to participate in Capitalism).
The Democrats had an issue in that MAGA proved that there was growing reactionary support against the progressiveness of the Obama years and in order to survive, the Democrats had to shift strategy.
They had two options; Try to combat MAGA by leaning more into progressive policies or move to the Right and try to present themselves as a more reasonable option to population deadest against anything left-wing – naturally, they opted for the latter.
The Democrats began to roll back progressive rhetoric and policies and began pushing more neo-liberal economic policies.
What this meant was that the Alt-Right had successfully managed to shift the Overton window to the right, meaning no matter what happened in the election, progress would be undone.
In 2016 Donald Trump was elected as president of the United States and the Alt-Right where ecstatic.
For years they had remained relegated to the internet, now that they had their Fuhrer in the White House they could finally take to the streets.
The „Unite the Right rally“ was perhaps the biggest mass gathering of hate groups in the 21st century.
Consisting of various far-right including Neo-Nazis, The National Policy institute, the Proud Boys and the KKK amongst others, it saw young men marching down the streets of Charlottesville, so chosen due to its connection to the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s, brandishing torches and clothing adorned with swastikas, SS-symbols, Fasces and of course, Pepe the Frog marching through the town chanting “Jews will not replace us!” and “blood and soil”.
The far-right were met by a plethora of activists and anti-fascists due to the police force’s lack of response.
The result was 35 people injured and 1 person dead.
Her name was Heather Heyer and she was murdered when a Nazi called James Field rammed his car into a crowd of anti-fascist protesters.
Make no mistake, the goal of this rally was to intimidate, agitate and to cause as much violence and upset as possible.
The newly elected presidents’ response was to go on live TV and proudly declare that there were “some very fine people on both sides”.
Trump had given the Nazi’s what they had wanted, instead of outwardly disavowing their actions he had given them the go ahead to continue.
The sad truth is that Charlottesville was just one of many marches on Rome to come.
In 2024 between 30th of July and the 5thof August the UK experienced days of riots and protests perpetrated by Neo-Nazis, particularly in England and in the North of Ireland.
These mobs of Nazis targeted shops owned by immigrants, burned people’s homes, attacked hotels home to refugees and assaulted immigrants and counter protesters.
It is hard to find exact figures with regard to the damage done however a BBC article published on 19/11/2024 had reported that nearly £2m had been claimed in compensation.
Throughout Europe similar riots have been occurring over the last decade or so.
Riots have erupted in Germany, Spain, Italy, France, Poland and anywhere the Far-right have a foothold.
These marches on Rome have largely gone unpunished with the far-right governments of these countries not only permitting them to occur, but instigating them. The rise of Fascism has now spilled out of the internet and on to the streets and into our parliaments, our congresses, our public services and our homes.
What started as a bunch of socially isolated and alienated young men on a chat room has now turned into real-world politically motivated violence.
At the start of this article I mentioned Elon Musk Sieg Heiling in the White house.
He has since been made head of the Department of Government Efficiency or D.O.G.E, coincidently or more likely, very deliberately the name of a popular internet meme.
The question now, in the words of Vladimir Lenin, What is to be done?
Conclusion: What is to be done?
All reactionaries are paper tigers…from a long-term point of view, it is not the reactionaries but the people who are really powerful (Mao, 1964)
Unfortunately, de-radicalisation methods and the electoral process have proven unsuccessful in stamping out Fascism.
As mentioned the Democrats were no opposition to Trump as evident by his re-election to office.
As in all two party systems within liberal democracy, the working class do not have a voice within the system.
We must now accept that this ideology is a very real and material threat not only to bourgeois democracy but an existential threat to lives of workers, minorities and all that oppose it.
So what can we do to oppose Fascism? The answer is to get organised.
During the Fascist riots of 2024 in the North of Ireland the Fascists were met by a crowd twice their size of Irish republicans, socialists, Marxists, Anarchists, Trade Unionists, left-wing politicians and concerned citizens of all creeds and told very clearly “you are not welcome!”
Recently in Berlin a crowd of over 100,000 anti-fascist protesters marched through the streets declaring their oppositions to Fascism.
It is this kind of mass resistance that is required in order to prevent the Fascists gaining a further foothold on society.
The enemy of the Fascist is community, we must start building our communities, supporting the vulnerable and ultimately making life extremely difficult for Fascists.
Reactionaries are paper tigers, despite their success and their propaganda they can only have power over us if we allow it, we cannot depend on our elective representatives to vote the issue away, therefor now is the time to show them just how powerful a community of people can actually be.
The left must be united on this issue, now is the time to stop the petty sectarianism and unify against the greatest threat to our right to live peacefully as human beings in recent history.
In short, get organised, stay determined and the Fascists will crumble.
Sources:
- • The Selfish Gene, Richard Dawkins, 1976, Oxford University Press
- • The 18th Brumaire of Louis Boneparte, Karl Marx, 1852.
- • Alt-Right from 4Chan to the Whitehouse, Mike Wendling, 2018, Puto Press
- • The Rise and Fall of the 3rd Reich , William L Shirer, 1960, Simon & Schuster
- • A Quick and Dirty Introduction to Accelerationism, Nick Land, 2017.
- • Eichmann in Jerusalem: A report on the banality of evil, Hannah Arendt, 1963.
- • Quotations from Mao Zedong, Mao Zedong, 1964.
- • Almost £2m claimed in riot compensation so far, Alix Hattenstone, Tracy Higgins, BBC, 2024
- • Events surrounding White Nationalist Rally in Virginia Turn Fatal, Joe Ruiz, Doreen Mcalillister, NPR, 2017
- – The Alt-Right Playbook, Innuendo Studios, 2020
- – The Psychologist world, Uncredited 2025
- – How it happened – the 2008 financial Crisis, Crash Course economics, 2015