Once a terrorist, always a terrorist.

Terror under Syria’s rule: Al-Dscholani militias massacre thousands of Druze – with IS symbols and calls for holy war. For the USA, however, al-Dscholani remains the “Syrian George Washington.” What the renewed unrest in Syria means for Rojava, why the story of Bin Laden seems to be repeating itself – and what role Israel plays in all this.

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Humans are shaped by their past, even if it is often ignored.

The actions of al-Dscholani over the past eight months show that he has not turned into a democratic person. They demonstrate that he is still the terrorist he has been known as in recent years.

A jihadist is motivated by an extreme and violent interpretation of Islam. He pursues his religious or political goals through a “holy war.” Whether a jihadist can also be a “civilized person” is complex and depends on the definition of “civilized.” Scholar George Joffe, in an interview with the TAZ, stated that jihadists have their own code of values. This code justifies their actions from their perspective but strongly contradicts accepted norms in modern societies. Their behavior is considered immoral and unacceptable. Their worldview is described as intolerant and repressive.[1]

In our latest article “Rulers and Murderers in the Name of God,” we reported on the massacres of Alawites. We also discussed the role of Islamists, including HTS, in these massacres.

On July 22, 2025, the investigation commission commissioned by al-Dscholani published its recommendations. We do not talk about it here, because a perpetrator never condemns himself.

Who are the Druze?

The Druze are a religious minority with their own monotheistic faith. They mostly live in the Middle East. In Syria, their number is estimated at about 700,000, making up around three percent of the population. Most Druze live in the province of Suwayda. This region is in the southwest of Syria and is rural and mountainous.

In Syria, the Druze are among the larger minorities, alongside Kurds, Christians, and Alawites. Their religious identity originates historically from Ismaili Islam but differs significantly from other Islamic groups. The Druze believe in reincarnation (reincarnation) and have a secret doctrine known only to a few initiates. Due to their faith, many Muslims do not recognize them as Muslims.

The Druze in Syria are politically and militarily active, especially in recent years during the civil war. They have armed themselves partly to defend their communities and often conflict with Islamist groups. Israel has intervened multiple times in favor of the Druze in Syria, including airstrikes against opposing groups. Israel sees itself as a protector of the Druze community.

In Israel, about 150,000 Druze live mainly in northern regions such as Galilee, the Carmel Mountains, and the Golan Heights. These areas were captured by Israel from Syria in 1967. The Druze in Israel are citizens and often serve voluntarily in the Israeli army, including in leadership positions. They are considered loyal to the State of Israel. The Druze community is officially recognized there and sees itself ethnically as Arabs but religiously as a distinct group, not as Muslims.

Who fights against Islamists?

The “Military Council” in Suwayda has a military and administrative structure. Its goal is to lead security and military affairs in Suwayda. The internal structure is influenced by external intelligence directives. The council claims to have 22,000 members. The faction is predominantly composed of the Druze community.

The council is accused of “cooperating with Israel.” This coincided with statements from Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. He spoke about protecting the Druze minority in southern Syria and called for disarming the government in Damascus in the provinces of Suwayda, Quneitra, and Daraa.

Al-Shoufi, founder of the “Military Council” of Suwayda, emphasizes his cooperation with the countries of the international coalition fighting ISIS in Syria and Iraq. He thanks all who support his position and contribute to the security of the Druze community and regional stability.

Al-Shoufi is an officer of the former Assad regime’s army. He left the regime in 2015, showed support for the movement in Suwayda in 2023, and participated in demonstrations at the Karama Square. At that time, he was a member of the “Syrian Federalist Movement” and called for a decentralized Syria.

In his founding declaration, the “Military Council” describes several tasks: to protect the country and honor from internal and external threats, to safeguard property, combat security threats in Suwayda, and protect all citizens without discrimination.

Its goals are clear:

• Ensure security and stability in Suwayda.
• Maintain social cohesion.
• Create a safe environment for citizens’ freedom.
• Work with all forces representing the interests of the Syrian people.

The vision of the “Military Council” for Syria is a secular, democratic, and decentralized country. It should guarantee justice and equality for all. The “Military Council” uses a flag with a map of Syria, also used by the SDF. The only change is the five-pointed star of the Druze in the province of Suwayda.

The Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) are a Kurdish-led military alliance founded in 2015, consisting of various ethnic militias, including Kurds, Arabs, Assyrians, and others. They act as the official armed forces of the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (Rojava) and became known mainly in the fight against ISIS. The SDF are a progressive, partly revolutionary force, currently representing the last—and most significant—of their kind.

The “Military Council” shows itself willing to cooperate with the SDF. It praises them as a force defending their land and people against terrorism and dictatorship. It also supports the demands of Hikmat al-Hajri, the Druze spiritual leader.

The Military Council and the Druze have almost the same demands as the SDF and Kurds in Syria. This does not sit well with the Islamist rulers of Syria.

What happened in Suwayda?

After arrests between Druze and Bedouins, violence erupted. A young man from Suwayda was attacked. This happened on the road between Damascus and Suwayda. An armed Bedouin group set up a roadblock near “Al-Masmiya” – they detained the young man, beat him, and robbed him of his possessions. Finally, they left him severely injured in a remote area.

The next day, Sunday, July 13, violent clashes occurred between Druze fighters and Bedouins—more than 100 people died. The authorities of al-Dscholani announced they would send security forces to stabilize the situation and end the fighting.

However, on the ground, the situation looked different. Units affiliated with the Syrian Ministry of Defense are mainly Islamist influenced and regard the Druze community as unbelievers in religious terms. These forces possessed heavy military equipment, including tanks and artillery. In cooperation with Bedouin groups, they carried out massive violence against the Druze civilian population, resulting in a massacre. Many civilians were killed. The images of massacres of Alawites on the Syrian coast are repeating in Suwayda. According to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights report from July 28, 2025, the death toll since the morning of July 13 has risen to 1,420. These deaths resulted from clashes, local executions, and Israeli bombings.[2]

The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights has received alarming videos showing severe violations against two members of the Druze community. The perpetrators are members of the Interior and Defense Ministries as well as armed tribal members.

One video shows the corpse of a Druze. His head was separated from his body and left on the street. Another video from the same area shows the corpse again, now with the head. Beside the corpse stand fighters from the Interior and Defense Ministries, shouting “Allahu Akbar” while filming the scene.
The matching of body, clothing, and location indicates that the decapitation happened after death.

In another video documented by the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, the body of a Druze fighter is shown, bearing clear signs of severe mistreatment. A cardboard was placed over the body; apparently, there was an intention to set it on fire with a lighter. The footage ends with the intervention of a person explicitly asking to refrain from further recording of the burning process. In the background, several people dressed in military and tribal uniforms are heard shouting vulgar and insulting slogans.[3]

Surveillance cameras show several assaults and thefts in Suwayda. [4]

Video footage documents how men are forcibly shaved of their mustaches by violence. This action caused considerable outrage, as the mustache is a central symbol of religious and social identity within the Druze community. Especially among the Druze, the mustache is a sign of faith and is closely linked to collective belonging and dignity. Forced shaving thus represents not only physical but also targeted symbolic humiliation of the victims.[5]

Surveillance cameras show the execution of a citizen in Suwayda. He was captured by members of the Ministry of Defense and the Interior:

Another video, recorded by the fighters of the “Ministry of Defense,” i.e., HTS terrorists, shows Syrian government forces executing a group of kneeling men.
One of these men, Saraya Hosam, was an American citizen: [6]

The actions of Islamist rulers show an ethnic cleansing against the Druze. They are supported by their shadow army, the “tribal and clan militias of the Bedouins.”

The Syrian Ministry of Interior considers the “Military Council” in Suwayda an illegal group. In contrast, the “tribal and clan forces of the Bedouins” are regarded as “armed locals.” This grants this shadow army some legitimacy.[7]

This tactic conceals the true nature of the attacks: a Damascus-controlled policy of destruction against the Druze.

Who are the tribal and clan militias of the Bedouins?

Origin and structure:

The so-called “tribal and clan militias” are mainly active in eastern Syria, especially in Deir ez-Zor province. Their goal is to fight the SDF and the Kurdish Rojava region and to strengthen the power of Arab tribes. They also seek to reduce the influence of the USA and the Kurds in the region.

On September 20, 2023, Ibrahim al-Hafil, Sheikh of the Arab tribe “Al-Aqidat,” announced the formation of a “Arab Tribes Army” to fight against the SDF. This announcement came in connection with clashes between the SDF and rebellious Arab tribes in Deir ez-Zor. Al-Hafil called on members of his tribe to support the movement financially and also asked the Al-Baghara tribe for help.

Already on August 31, 2023, Al-Hafil joined the uprising of Arab tribes and became the leader of the so-called “Arab Tribal Forces” – turning the city of Diban in eastern Syria into the center of this movement.

The “Arab Tribal Forces” support Ahmed Al-Khabil, known as Abu Khawla, a former SDF commander who defected. Abu Khawla belongs to the Al-Bakir tribe, which is connected to the Al-Aqidat tribe. In a leaked audio message, Abu Khawla even threatened Al-Hafil.

In 2020, Al-Hafil demanded that local administrations in parts of Rojava be handed over to the Arab tribes of Deir ez-Zor, because at that time the SDF had taken control of important oil fields.

It is also important to note that Al-Hafil was a supporter of ISIS during its rule in Deir ez-Zor.

The Operation Inherent Resolve, the anti-ISIS coalition, informed the US Congress that the tribal fighters see themselves as a “fully integrated resistance movement.”

The Assad regime and its Iranian allies openly support this movement on the western side of the Euphrates. There, fighters received supplies and weapons. With these means, they attack villages on the eastern side of the river, which are controlled by the SDF.

Escalation in Suwayda

On July 18, 2025, Islamist fighters from the Ministry of Defense and the Interior drove into the center of Suwayda with tanks. At the same time, Israel bombed several targets in Syria with drones and fighter jets. In response, the Ministry of Defense issued a statement later that day, announcing their withdrawal from Suwayda.

According to media reports, Israel was willing to tolerate the Islamist fighters in Suwayda for 48 hours. After heavy losses, al-Dscholani withdrew his units from the province.

After the withdrawal, the “Tribal and Clan Army” declared jihad against the Druze. These militias consist of extremist fighters, including many from ISIS. They are a mix of fanatics, barbarians, and violent mobs.

They use heavy weapons, including kamikaze drones. They apparently receive logistical support from the al-Dscholani regime.
This support likely includes weapons, equipment, and supplies to weaken common enemies like the Druze.
The Kurdish activist Dilshad Khalaf sharply comments on the use of kamikaze drones: “The American ambassador will probably say, ‘Maybe they’re just for filming.’“[8]

The terms “mob” or “barbarians” are strong and emotional. But the documented deeds of these groups make such terms understandable.

In many of the videos, the subsidized fighters are seen wearing patches and insignia of ISIS on their uniforms:

The vast majority of the executions seem to have been documented by the terrorists themselves – in some recordings, several fighters are seen competing to get the best shot of the atrocities.

Alex Crawford from Sky News, reporting from Sweida, reported that al-Dscholani’s gangs looted houses, shops, and even livestock:

‘They’re taking out (…) all sorts of farm equipment, even farm animals, as they retreat with their weapons and anything else they can pick up. (…) This is all farming equipment, agricultural equipment. They’re taking anything they can get their hands on. (…) There’s not going to be a lot for people to return back to’[9]

The security forces of al-Dscholani frequently changed the color of their vehicles and clothing and attacked the Druze in the name of the so-called “Tribal and Clan Army”:

The most gruesome video of the massacres in Suwayda, which we want to spare you, shows the mistreatment, murder, and posthumous decapitation of a Druze, surrounded by laughing and insulting terrorists of al-Dscholani.

The BBC team encountered a cell of ISIS fighters. According to a quote from the BBC, Abu Hudhaifa motivated his fighters with jihadist slogans. He said the enemies had insulted the honor of Sunni Muslims. The goal of the attack was to kill the “disbelieving Druze”:

“We don’t want prisoners. Slaughter everyone you find, whether child or elderly,” he told his fighters.

Unlike the tribal groups, which mostly come from the same clan, Abu Hudhaifa’s group consisted of about 15 fighters from different regions of Syria. Dialects revealed some came from the east, others from Aleppo and Idlib in the north.

After his speech, I asked Abu Hudhaifa about his affiliation. He did not give a direct answer and only said that their goal is to “support Islam and establish an Islamic state.” [10]

Role of Israel

Israel distrusts the ruling jihadists and wants peace in the north. Therefore, it aims to disarm southern Syria. Israel currently does not see a threat from Islamist rulers in the rest of Syria.

It is important to mention here that Israel, among other things, has massively supported the takeover by the HTS terrorists through the heavy bombing of Assad’s military infrastructure – al-Dscholani, at least at the beginning of his rule, represented a way for Israel to secure its regional economic interests.

After several warnings to al-Dscholani’s regime, Israel demanded the withdrawal from Suwayda. On July 16, 2025, Israel attacked the Syrian Ministry of Defense in Damascus and destroyed it. Another attack targeted a military site near the presidential palace. These actions sent a clear signal to al-Dscholani to withdraw his troops from Suwayda. On the same day, the Syrian Ministry of Defense announced their withdrawal from Suwayda.

On Friday, July 25, 2025, representatives of the al-Dscholani regime and Israel met in Paris – facilitated by Thomas Barrack, US ambassador to Turkey. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported an agreement between both sides, reached with the help of the United States.

Israel’s interest in supporting the Druze is clearly not humanitarian. Rather, Israel pursues strategic goals: by supporting the Druze community, it secures a potential ally within Syria.

The Israeli intervention, such as the airstrike on the Syrian Ministry of Defense, is particularly revealing in this context: during the massacre in Suwayda, Israel could have intervened earlier and more targeted. The fact that it did not indicates that it was less about humanitarian aid and more about sending a clear political signal to Damascus.

For Israel, it is clear: Syria must not become a second front in the north again. In this sense, Suwayda is of interest not only because of ethnic ties or its geographic location in southern Syria. Crucially, under the guise of protecting the Druze, checkpoints could be established in southern Syria; just eleven kilometers from Damascus.
In the area of these new checkpoints, there are no Druze – they serve solely to secure Israel’s northern front.

The agreement regulates the security and administrative situation in southern Syria.
Particularly in the provinces of Suwayda, Daraa, and Quneitra. The main points are:

Suwayda under US patronage: The administration of the province goes to the United States. They commit to monitoring the implementation of the agreement.

• Security withdrawal: Tribal and clan militias and security forces withdraw from Druze areas.
• Patrol by local militias: Druze fighters search the areas to ensure no troops from al-Dscholani’s regime or tribal and clan militias are present.
• Local administration: Local councils are formed from residents of Suwayda to handle services and administrative matters.
• Document violations: A special commission records all violations and reports directly to the United States.
• Arms control in the south: Disarmament is enforced in Daraa and Quneitra. Local security committees are not allowed to possess heavy weapons.
• Syria regime not allowed into Suwayda: All regime authorities in Damascus are barred entry. UN organizations working there are excepted.

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Thomas Barrack: US Special Envoy for Syria or a advisor to a terrorist?

Thomas Barrack is a US politician and businessman of Lebanese origin. Born in 1947. He started as a lawyer and later gained prominence in real estate. He founded Colony Capital and acquired significant assets, including the Plaza Hotel in New York and the film production company Miramax.

Barrack held senior positions under US Presidents Ronald Reagan and Donald Trump. In May 2025, he was appointed US ambassador to Turkey. This was achieved with the help of the United States.

On May 25, 2025, US Special Envoy Thomas Barrack stated on X that the time for Western intervention in the Middle East was over. He emphasized that the Sykes-Picot Agreement had caused long-term suffering in Syria and that they do not want to repeat this mistake.

Barrack highlighted that regional solutions and respectful partnerships are now essential. The reconstruction of Syria should be based on unity, dignity, and investments in the population. With the overthrow of the Assad regime and the lifting of sanctions, Barrack sees a chance for peace and prosperity.[11]

This statement gave hope for all of Syria. But weeks later, reality set in. A spokesperson for Trump said the United States had approved a controversial plan by the new Syrian Islamist rulers. This plan involves integrating thousands of foreign jihadists into a new unit of the Syrian army. According to Reuters, around 3,500 fighters, mainly Uighurs from China and Turkestan, are to join the new 84th Division of the Syrian army as a separate unit—together with Syrian soldiers.

When asked, Barrack explained in Damascus:

“I would say there is an understanding – with transparency.”

He said it was better to integrate these fighters into state structures so they wouldn’t be left to themselves. Many are “very loyal” to the new regime.

Very loyal – but to whom?

In Suwayda, during the massacre of the Druze, foreign jihadists can also be seen. These include fighters from Turkestan and China.[12] These jihadists are not loyal to a state or the idea of democracy. They follow only their faith. Their loyalty is only to those who follow the same radical path. This faith brought them to Syria.[13]

Al-Dscholani exploits this loyalty. He has the same goal as they: to create a theocratic state – anyone who believes these groups want democracy or a new beginning in Syria is mistaken and ignores the truth.

If al-Dscholani were a democratic transitional president, the jihadists would fight him. They would not support him. It’s not about freedom or democracy.

It’s not about loyalty. It’s only about faith. But Barrack ignores reality, naturally, because he also has a loyal tool in Damascus: al-Dscholani.

Barrack as an advisor to a terrorist

On Wednesday, July 9, 2025, US Special Envoy Barrack and representatives of the SDF under General Mazloum Abdi met at the People’s Palace in Damascus.

They discussed cooperation and political dialogue between Syria and the United States, reported “Al-Ikhbariya al-Suriya.”

After the meeting, Barrack stated that there was only one way for the SDF: the route to Damascus. He emphasized that federalism does not work in Syria.

According to Barrack, the Syrian government showed “unprecedented commitment” to integrating the SDF into a nation, an army, and a government. However, he noted that the SDF was slow in their reactions and negotiations.

This statement was a clear signal: Barrack openly supports al-Dscholani. This strengthened the position of the new Syrian regime. It felt encouraged to reject all Kurdish demands.

In the regime’s and Barrack’s understanding, “integration” means disarming the SDF. Its members are to be individually incorporated under jihadist leadership. There are no independent structures or influence.

However, the SDF sees “integration” differently: as a collective entry into the Syrian army. They want to operate as an independent unit with a clear command structure and political voice. This way, they would not be subordinate but an independent actor in the new order.

Politician from Rojava, Akif Hasan, describes what happened behind closed doors in Damascus between the al-Dscholani regime and the SDF:

The meeting was supposed to be about the situation in Deir ez-Zor. But it quickly became clear that the real goal was different: The Syrian side, with Barrack’s support, demanded the immediate dissolution of the SDF and their integration into the regime’s army.
Abdi firmly rejected this. He emphasized that they are not here to negotiate the end of the SDF but the future of Deir ez-Zor.
Barrack stuck to his demand. He called a military role for the SDF “unacceptable” and refused to discuss it. The al-Dscholani representative, Asaad al-Shibani, became more assertive. Still, he offered no transition solutions or guarantees.
When the SDF delegation rejected this pressure, al-Shibani and Barrack left the room. The Kurdish delegation was left alone and eventually also left the place. Outside, they met al-Shibani. He smiled coldly and shook their hands. There was no explanation or apology.

The political conversation that started as a dialogue quickly turned into a power game and a farce. Ignorance, disrespect, and one-sided demands shaped the course. Hasan explained that Damascus is unsuitable for negotiations. He called for serious, balanced talks on neutral ground and under international supervision.

For this reason, the next meeting was moved to Paris. France plays a central role as mediator in the negotiations. The country has also long supported the SDF in their fight against ISIS.

How can serious political dialogue happen when Islamist and fascist forces lead the negotiations? They are also supported by their advisor Barrack. Under these circumstances, it would make sense to move talks to a neutral third country or to Rojava.

The key question remains: How can we expect those who fought jihadist terror for years to now lay down their weapons?
submitting to these forces would not be a compromise – it would be a capitulation!

Why are foreign jihadists allowed to form their own combat units, but the Kurds are not? They have fought for years alongside democracy against barbarity.
They also have the right to self-defense and political representation!

In mid-July, Barrack said that al-Dscholani is “the new George Washington” of Syria.[14]

Professor Sarbast Nabi from Koya University asked: “What do Barrack and other US politicians find so fascinating about Islamist extremists like al-Dscholani?”

At a meeting in Saudi Arabia, Donald Trump praised al-Dscholani as “great.” He described al-Dscholani as a “young, attractive guy” and “fighter.” But al-Dscholani has been the most wanted terrorist by the United States for years, with a bounty of $10 million.[15]

The old pattern of “freedom fighter against the Soviets” seems to repeat itself in Syria – we hardly need a reminder of what kind of “freedom and peace” bin Laden and his freedom fighters brought on September 11, 2001.

While Washington built a nation, al-Dscholani represents a system based on ethnic cleansing, religious intolerance, and violence against minorities.

Professor Sarbast Nabi emphasizes that this comparison is an insult to American history. It is so crude that Washington, if he had heard it, might have questioned his own role.

Furthermore, Barrack is involved in peace talks between Israel and Syria:

On July 12, 2025 (two days before the advance toward Suwayda), according to diplomatic sources, representatives of Israel and Syria met in Azerbaijan.[16]

Therefore, it is no surprise that al-Dscholani is confused and believes he has received a green light to advance with heavy weapons toward Suwayda to begin an ethnic cleansing like along Syria’s coast.

Is Rojava the next target?

As al-Dscholani’s tanks rolled through Suwayda, Islamist fighters celebrated their “victory.” They planned to march into SDF-controlled areas to destroy the last bastion of freedom and the Kurds in Syria.

An example is the deputy provincial head of Homs for media and communication. He wrote on X: “No one stands in our way except the SDF.”[17]

But after the unexpected defeat in Suwayda, the Islamist regime cannot simply advance into SDF areas – unless Turkey attacks the SDF. However, a Turkish attack seems unlikely as France and the USA still support the SDF and see them as a crucial force in fighting ISIS and terror in Syria. As long as the USA is present in SDF-controlled areas, Turkey will not launch a large-scale attack.

The SDF is the only well-organized and armed army in Syria. After the fall of the Assad regime, it continues to be weakened by Israeli airstrikes on camps and military targets.

For months, the SDF has been preparing specifically for a possible attack. They are strengthening their defenses.

In an exclusive interview with Kurdistan24, former US President Donald Trump’s advisor, Walid Phares, emphasized that the Kurdish forces are the strongest non-state power in Syria. Calls for disarmament ignore the complex realities on the ground.[18]

The Kurdish leadership also makes it clear they are not willing to bow to political or military dictates. After the controversial Damascus meeting, Farhad Shami, head of the SDF media center, said in a TV interview:

“Laying down weapons is a red line for us. If we participate in negotiations, we do not negotiate over our principles.”[19]

And Luqman Khalil, member of the SDF General Leadership, clarified in an official statement:

“In every attack on our people and land, we exercise our right to defend ourselves. We have chosen resistance and will continue it until the end.”

An attack on the SDF would be costly for the regime. This is due to the SDF’s well-trained military, organizational structure, and combat experience.

Conclusion:

As long as a terrorist is in power, blood will continue to flow in Syria. His Islamist regime conducts ethnic cleansing. The country remains unstable.

What this regime has wrought in recent months surpasses everything the Assad regime achieved in 50 years. The Syrian civil war has turned into a confessional war under al-Dscholani. Tensions between the Sunni majority and religious and ethnic minorities have grown significantly. Thomas Barrack openly supports al-Dscholani, worsening the situation.

The future “Washington of Syria” could one day carry out an attack outside Syria, similar to Bin Laden. The old pattern of “freedom fighter against Soviet occupiers” is repeating itself in Syria – and the consequences are clear.

Suwayda continues to suffer after the withdrawal of al-Dscholani’s troops. The city is under a heavy blockade. This is collective punishment for resisting terror.

After 14 years of war, the people of Syria finally deserve peace. They want to rebuild their country—in a decentralized, federal state.

In the past eight months, almost only blood has been shed in Syria—in the name of national sovereignty. Flags of ISIS and other terror groups are repeatedly raised.

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[1] https://taz.de/Wissenschaftler-ueber-Dschihadisten/!5015828/)

[2] https://www.syriahr.com/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d8%a8%d8%b9%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b9%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%83-%d8%b4%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%ad%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af/771707/

[3] https://www.syriahr.com/%d8%ad%d8%b1%d9%82-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%ac%d9%80-%d9%80%d8%ab%d8%ab-%d9%88%d9%82%d8%b7%d8%b9-%d8%b1%d8%a3%d8%b3%d9%87%d8%a7-%d8%aa%d8%b3%d8%ac%d9%8a%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%85%d8%b5%d9%88%d8%b1%d8%a9/771578/

[4] https://x.com/syriahr/status/1948422553329893844

[5] https://x.com/syriahr/status/1945143569917882604

[6] https://x.com/AliKolo19/status/1947581954406420847/photo/2

[7] https://www.elnashra.com/news/show/1733128 )

[8] https://x.com/DilshadKhalaf/status/1946546036303860121

[9] https://x.com/SlavFreeSpirit/status/1946929762854662348

[10] https://www.bbc.com/arabic/articles/cvg4g8ndgwlo

[11] https://x.com/USAMBTurkiye/status/1925930900417548624

[12] https://x.com/SyrDemObs/status/1948001610547728732

[13] https://t.me/HoranFreeMedia/23990

[14] https://x.com/RojavaNetwork/status/1943991511525232842

[15] https://www.n-tv.de/politik/US-Praesident-Donald-Trump-trifft-Syriens-Ubergangs-Staatschef-Ahmed-al-Schaara-Junger-attraktiver-Kerl-article25768330.html

[16] https://www.stern.de/news/bedeutender-schritt–israelischer-und-syrischer-vertreter-kommen-in-baku-zusammen-35889188.html

[17] https://x.com/songa_younga/status/1944881591450579290

[18] https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/story/853954/former-trump-adviser-kurds-are-the-most-powerful-non-state-force-in-syria-disarmament-unlikely

[19] https://x.com/Ciwan_berxwedan/status/1948058385997578728